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| − | [[File:pwm_wiki.png|thumb|PWM signal as | + | [[File:pwm_wiki.png|thumb|PWM signal as reference|400px]] |
| − | PWM a.k.a. pulse-width modulation is a voltage waveform usually seen in power electronics such as motor drives and power supplies. It has been also used as [[ | + | PWM a.k.a. pulse-width modulation is a voltage waveform usually seen in power electronics such as motor drives and power supplies. It has been also used as [[Reference signal|referece signal]]. |
The main idea in PWM is to switch voltage either fully ''on'' or ''off'' so rapidly that receiving device "feels" only the average voltage caused by pulsed voltage. | The main idea in PWM is to switch voltage either fully ''on'' or ''off'' so rapidly that receiving device "feels" only the average voltage caused by pulsed voltage. | ||
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In motor & power control it is typical to use at least 15 kHz PWM frequency to avoid audible high pitched noise that coils produce when driven by PWM. | In motor & power control it is typical to use at least 15 kHz PWM frequency to avoid audible high pitched noise that coils produce when driven by PWM. | ||
| − | == | + | ==Pros and cons in power applications== |
| − | + | ===Pros=== | |
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* Very high efficiency due to low losses in electronics | * Very high efficiency due to low losses in electronics | ||
* Usually very little heat sinking needed | * Usually very little heat sinking needed | ||
* Easy to produce in digital circuits | * Easy to produce in digital circuits | ||
* Robust | * Robust | ||
| − | + | ===Cons=== | |
* Increased [[Electromagnetic interference|EMI noise]] compared to linear voltage | * Increased [[Electromagnetic interference|EMI noise]] compared to linear voltage | ||
* [[Dead-time distortion]] | * [[Dead-time distortion]] | ||
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| − | Compared to analog input in VSD products 0% PWM duty cycle equals -10V, 50% equals 0V and 100% equals +10V. Benefits of using PWM instead of analog | + | ==Usage in GD products== |
| + | ===As motor output=== | ||
| + | All GD motor drives produce PWM signal to motor. I.e. if drive supply voltage is 48VDC, then motor output pins will be driven either to 0V or 48V at switching rate of 15-20kHz. VSD drives use MOSFET or IGBT based [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-Bridge half-bridge] circuits to produce the power PWM output. | ||
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| + | Inductance of motor coils will average the PWM pulses to equivalent DC. If motor inductance is very low, additional inductor is needed between drive and motor phases. | ||
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| + | ===As reference signal=== | ||
| + | In some drive models, PWM signal can be used also as [[reference signal]] to replace analog signal (the +/- 10V control). In this case PWM voltage is typically 3-5V and the duty cycle of signal determines the amplitude. | ||
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| + | Compared to analog input in VSD products 0% PWM duty cycle equals -10V, 50% equals 0V and 100% equals +10V. Benefits of using PWM instead of analog reference: | ||
* [[Electromagnetic interference|EMI noise]] tolerant | * [[Electromagnetic interference|EMI noise]] tolerant | ||
* Easy to galvanically isolate | * Easy to galvanically isolate | ||
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==Links== | ==Links== | ||
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-width_modulation Wikipedia PWM article] | [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-width_modulation Wikipedia PWM article] | ||
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